Anti-Anxiety Medication

Educational only — not medical advice.

The most common drugs used for short-term relief of anxiety are benzodiazepines. These include alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), and lorazepam (Ativan). These medications work quickly and can calm severe anxiety symptoms within minutes. However, they are habit-forming, and tolerance can develop with long-term use. Because they cause drowsiness and can impair concentration, balance, and coordination, they should not be taken while driving or operating machinery. High doses or prolonged use may also contribute to memory problems.

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a neurotransmitter that helps quiet nerve activity. GABA has a calming, “braking” effect in the brain, which is why these medications can reduce anxiety so quickly.

For long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), different medications are usually preferred. Today, SSRIs and SNRIs (a type of antidepressant) are typically considered first-line treatment because they do not cause dependence. Another option is buspirone (BuSpar), a non-sedating medication that is not addictive. Buspirone does not work immediately and may take several weeks to reduce symptoms. Side effects can include transient lightheadedness, headaches, nervousness, insomnia, and nausea.

No matter the medication, it’s important not to stop anti-anxiety drugs suddenly. Some medications must be tapered slowly to avoid withdrawal symptoms or rebound anxiety.