The term neuropathy is derived from words meaning nerve and pathology. The word peripheral refers to areas away from the center of the body, typically the extremities. Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to peripheral nerves that most often begins at the tips of the toes and/or fingers and gradually progresses upward to involve the feet and/or hands. As the condition advances, symptoms may extend further up the limbs.
Peripheral nerve damage is commonly experienced as burning sensations, pain, numbness, tingling, or reduced muscle control. Symptoms usually occur in a bilateral pattern, affecting both hands or both feet, rather than being limited to one side of the body. When the feet are significantly involved, peripheral neuropathy may impair balance and increase the risk of falls.
There are multiple causes of peripheral neuropathy. It is frequently associated with diabetes and chronic alcohol use. Genetic conditions can also result in peripheral nerve damage, including inherited neuropathies and neurodegenerative disorders. Systemic conditions such as vitamin deficiencies—particularly deficiencies of thiamin or vitamin B12—pernicious anemia, and kidney failure are also recognized causes.
Infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, and syphilis, may lead to peripheral neuropathy. Additional causes include exposure to heavy metals or toxic chemicals, direct nerve injury, and poor circulation affecting the extremities.
