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What Is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by problems with inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity. Symptoms typically begin before age 12 and may persist into adolescence and adulthood.

ADHD is commonly divided into three subtypes:

  1. Predominantly inattentive

  2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

  3. Combined type (features of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity)

Inattentive Presentation (Historically Called “ADD”)

The term ADD has traditionally been used to describe individuals who primarily struggle with inattention rather than hyperactivity. Common features include:

  • Difficulty paying close attention to details

  • Trouble sustaining focus

  • Problems following instructions through to completion

  • Disorganization

  • Forgetfulness in daily activities

  • Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained mental effort

  • Easy distractibility

These students may appear quiet or disengaged rather than disruptive.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

Hyperactivity and impulsivity may include:

  • Fidgeting or restlessness

  • Difficulty remaining seated, especially in classrooms

  • Constant motion or excessive activity

  • Running or climbing in inappropriate situations

  • Excessive talking

  • Interrupting others

  • Difficulty waiting for turns

Many of these behaviors can overlap with normal childhood activity. Whether they are considered problematic depends on severity, frequency, and impact on functioning at home, school, or socially.

Diagnosis

There is no single diagnostic test for ADHD. Diagnosis is typically based on:

  • Behavioral questionnaires

  • Interviews with parents, teachers, and the child

  • Observation of symptoms across multiple settings

Because assessment relies heavily on subjective reporting, diagnosis can vary depending on interpretation and context.

Conventional Medical View of Causes

Mainstream medicine generally recognizes several contributing factors to ADHD, including:

  • Genetics

  • Environmental exposures (such as lead)

  • Differences in nervous system development

Dietary factors and nutritional deficiencies have historically received less attention in conventional models, although a growing number of studies have explored potential links between nutrition and ADHD-related symptoms. Some educators and clinicians believe nutrition may play an important role, and school-based programs—such as those highlighted in educational initiatives from Appleton, Wisconsin—have explored this perspective.

Commonly Prescribed Medications

Stimulant medications are frequently used in ADHD management. Two major classes are prescribed:

Amphetamines

  • Dexedrine

  • Adderall

  • Vyvanse

Methylphenidates

  • Concerta

  • Metadate

  • Ritalin

  • Focalin

These medications are intended to improve attention and reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity, though responses and side effects vary between individuals.