Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland. This leads to excessive production of thyroid hormones and results in hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Common symptoms are related to an increased metabolic rate and may include irritability, anxiety, trouble sleeping, rapid or irregular heartbeat, heat intolerance, increased perspiration, weight loss, and fatigue. A fine tremor of the hands or fingers is common, as are muscle weakness and exaggerated reflexes. Bowel movements may become more frequent, and women may notice changes in their menstrual cycle. The thyroid gland itself may become enlarged, producing a visible or palpable goiter.
Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (Thyroid Eye Disease)
One characteristic feature of Graves’ disease is exophthalmos, often referred to as “bulging” of the eyes. This condition is part of Graves’ ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease.
Eye symptoms may include dryness, irritation, a gritty or sandy sensation, redness, inflammation, and sensitivity to light. The eyes may water excessively, and swelling of the tissues around the eyes can cause them to appear prominent. In more severe cases, eye movement may become restricted, and vision can be affected, leading to blurred vision, double vision, or reduced visual acuity. Corneal ulcers may develop if the eyes are unable to close fully.
Smoking is a major risk factor for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Smokers are significantly more likely to develop eye involvement, and their symptoms tend to be more severe than those seen in non-smokers.
