Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in older adults. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. There are two forms:

  • Wet AMD, caused by abnormal blood vessels that leak fluid or blood into the macula

  • Dry AMD, the more common form, which develops gradually with aging and thinning of retinal tissue

Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids (specifically xanthophylls) found in high concentrations in the macula. These plant-derived pigments are abundant in green leafy vegetables and other colorful foods. Carotenoids act as antioxidants, help protect retinal cells from oxidative stress, and filter damaging blue light.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology (2012) evaluated 108 subjects with early AMD. Participants received either lutein (10 mg/day), zeaxanthin (10 mg/day), both nutrients combined, or placebo for 48 weeks. Retinal function improved most in the group receiving both lutein and zeaxanthin, suggesting a complementary protective effect.